THE  DEVELOPMENT 


OF  THE 


American  Board’s  Work  in 

Asiatic  Turkey 

WITH 


APPENDIX  CONTAINING  RECORD  OF 
IMPORTANT  EVENTS  AND  PROMINENT 

PERSONS 


By  REV.  CHARLES  C.  TRACY,  D.D. 


President  of  Anatolia  College 


OLD  WALL,  CONSTANTINOPLE 


PUBLISHED  BY  THE  BOARD 
CONGREGATIONAL  HOUSE,  14  BEACON  STREET 

BOSTON,  MASS. 


30  X on#  JfoJC  fherfrv  TretKwich/  34  ■  <  v  38 


L^w.rt. 


,m% 


atemplilS 

Aii 


Missions  of  the  American  Board 

in  Asiatic  Turkey 


Christ,  looking  forth  upon  the  multitudes,  had  compassion  on  them, 
because  he  saw  them  as  sheep  without  a  shepherd.  He  thought  much 
about  the  sheep,  and  little  about  the  mountains  they  wandered  over. 

Those  who  have  “the  enthusiasm  of 
humanity,”  who  love  the  tribes  and 
nations  of  their  fellow  beings,  however 
far  astray,  will  not  linger  too  long  upon 
the  geography  of  their  habitations, 
upon  their  ethnology  and  history,  but 
will  soon  fly  to  the  consideration  of 
their  present  need  and  their  possibilities 
in  the  future.  Still — inasmuch  as  con¬ 
ditions  have  something  to  do  with 
character — mountains,  plains,  rivers, 
woods,  especially  heredity  and  associ¬ 
ations,  are  worthy  of  consideration. 

Geographically  and  climatically  con¬ 
sidered,  Asiatic  Turkey  is  not  an  unfa- 


MOSqUE  ON  THE  BOSPHORUS. 


PLOWING  WITH  BUFFALOES. 


4 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


vored  land.  It  is  blessed  with  the  influence  of  the  sea  on  the  north,  south, 
and  west.  It  has  three  great  and  many  lesser  rivers.  I  he  extensive 
ranges  of  the  Taurus  and  anti-Taurus  Mountains  in  the  southern  and  cen¬ 
tral  portions,  together  with  those 
that  skirt  the  Black  and  western 
seas,  so  cover  in  fact  most  of  the 
country  that  the  traveler,  unless  on 
the  plains  of  Mesopotamia,  will 
hardly  be  out  of  sight  of  mountains 
anywhere.  The  mountainous  char¬ 
acter  of  the  country  secures  a 
variegated  and  generally  agreeable 
climate.  Contrasts  are  great,  as 
between  the  river  bottoms  of  the 
lower  Tigris  and  Euphrates  and 
the  snowy  heights  of  the  region  of 
Erzroom,  whence  those  waters  flow 
down.  One  travels  across  ranges 
of  hills,  then  finds  himself  upon  a 
broad  plain  surrounded  by  hills — 
“a  sower  went  forth  rio  sow.  ,  •  0jqen  recurring  as  he  traverses 


he  country.  From  a  sufficient  distance  the  landscape  would  look  like  that 
3f  the  moon,  though  with  less  of  the  crater  characteristic. 

The  Euphrates,  the  Tigris,  and  the  Halys  drain  and  water  vast  regions. 
In  general,  the  rainfall  is  not  as  reliable  nor  as  abundant  as  in  the  United 
States.  Little  of  the  country  enjoys  much  rain  in  the  summer.  Disastrous 
drought  is  a  much  more  frequent  experience  than  in  any  of  our  states,  unless 
in  those  lying  just  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Probably  forests,  even  in 
prehistoric  times,  were  never  as  abun¬ 
dant  as  in  some  other  parts  of  the  world. 

It  is  very  possible  that  even  before  the 
days  of  the  Hittite  Empire  much  of  the 
country  was  as  barren  as  it  is  now.  It 
is  equally  certain  that  vast  regions  now 
bare  were  formerly  well  forested,  espec¬ 
ially  at  the  head  waters  of  all  the  streams. 

It  is  well-nigh  certain  that  many  winter 
torrents  now  showing  dry  beds  the  whole 
summer  were  once  perennial  streams. 

The  productive  power  of  the  country 
might  be  doubled,  and  much  more,  by 
re-forestation.  It  is  fitting  to  allude  here 
to  one  way  in  which  superstition  acts  to 
desolate  a  country.  In  time  of  drought 


BUFFALOES  IN  WATER. 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


the  ignorant  shepherd  people  in  the  mountains  often  set  fire  to  the  forests, 
and  why?  So  that  the  poor  insects  and  reptiles  in  the  fire  may  cry  out  to 
heaven,  and  move  Divine  pity  to  give  rain !  Thus  human  sottishness 
destroys  the  forests,  dries  up  the  streams,  and  sterilizes  the  land. 

The  most  important  products  of  the  country  are  wheat,  maize,  barley, 
rice,  fruits — -such  as  grapes,  figs,  and  prunes.  Also  hemp,  cotton,  tobacco, 
opium,  and  licorice  are  largely  produced  and  exported.  Walnuts  (English) 
and  filberts  are  exported  in  shiploads  from  the  Black  Sea  coast.  Flocks 
and  herds  are  numerous;  wool  and  hides  are  shipped  to  Europe.  Mohair 
is  an  important  export. 

AREA  AND  POPULATION 

The  whole  area  of  the  empire  and  its  nominal  dependencies  is  given  as 
not  far  from  a  million  and  a  quarter  square  miles,  and  the  whole  population 
of  the  same  as  about  thirty-three  millions,  between  six  and  seven  millions  of 
these,  including  Bulgarians,  being  Christians.  The  fields  covered  by  the 
Western  Turkey,  the  Central  Turkey,  and  the  Eastern  Turkey  Missions 
comprise  the  most  important  part  of  the  dominions  under  the  immediate 
control  of  the  Sultan.  The  portion  of  territory  within  the  bounds  of  the 
above  three  missions  is,  perhaps,  about  four  hundred  thousand  square  miles, 
and  the  population  of  the  same  area  near  twelve  millions  (including  Con¬ 
stantinople)  ;  at  least  two  thirds  being  Moslems.  The  Armenians  in  that 
territory  may  number  one  and  a  half  million,  the  Greeks  about  the  same. 
There  are  also  Syrians,  Nestorians,  and  other  Christians. 

THE  GOVERNMENT 

The  following,  and  a  few  other  paragraphs  in  quotation  marks,  are  from 
previous  sketches  by  President  Bartlett  and  Dr.  E.  E.  Bliss. 

“This  is  an  absolute  monarchy,  the  supreme  authority  being  in  the 
hands  of  the  Sultan,  who  bears  the  title  of  padishah  (king  of  kings),  and 
caliph  also,  or  head  of  the  Mohammedan  religion.  The  oldest  male  mem¬ 
ber  of  the  royal  family  succeeds  to  the  throne  in  case  of  a  vacancy.  The 
Sultan  has  ministers  in  various  departments,  appointed  by  himself,  whose 
counsel  he  seeks,  but  often  overrules.  The  head  minister  of  religion  is 
called  the  Sheikh  ul  Islam ,  and  is  the  supreme  interpreter  of  the  sacred 
law.  The  highest  minister  in  the  civil  service  is  called  the  Grand  Vizier, 
or  Sadrazam  (the  occupier  of  the  highest  seat),  corresponding  to  the 
prime  minister  in  other  governments.  After  him  come  the  Minister  for 
Foreign  Affairs,  the  Minister  for  the  Interior,  for  War,  for  the  Navy,  etc. 
All  unite  to  constitute  the  Grand  Council  of  the  empire,  and  are  designated 
by  the  Sultan  as  his  viziers ,  or  representatives.  Religious  and  judicial 
magnates  of  different  ranks  bear  the  general  title  of  ulema  (learned  men), 


6 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


and  have  as  their  head  the  Sheikh  ul  Islam.  For  them  the  book  of  the  law 
is  the  Koran.  Of  late  years  the  French  code  of  laws  and  methods  of  pro¬ 
cedure  by  commissions  are  coming  into  use  in  place  of  what  is  called  the 
sheriat ,  or  ancient  sacred  law.  The  empire  is  divided  into  provinces  called 
vilayets ,  over  which  governors,  called  valis ,  are  appointed  by  the  Sultan, 
and  have  provincial  councils  to  assist  in  the  administration.  Provinces  are 
divided  and  subdivided,  each  district  having  its  own  local  government  sub¬ 
ject  to  the  one  above  it.  In  some  parts  of  the  empire  Christians  are  ad¬ 
mitted  to  positions  on  various  councils,  but  controlling  authority  is  always 
retained  in  the  hands  of  the  Mohammedans.  The  various  Christian  com¬ 
munities  have  each  its  own  national  organization  to  which  the  supreme  gov¬ 
ernment  accords  limited  authority  and  privileges,  subordinate  to  itself,  and 
constituting  an  intricate  system,  wheels  within  wheels,  of  civil  and  ecclesias¬ 
tical  administration.” 


THE.  PE.OPLE. 

Within  the  pale  of  the  Mohammedan  faith  are  found  various  nationalities 
and  sects.  The  predominant  race  is  that  of  the  Ottoman  Turks. 

“  The  Turks  came  originally  from  the  high  plateau  of  Central  Asia,  having 
China  for  its  eastern  border.  They  have  been  known  in  history  under 
various  names,  as  Mongolians,  Scythians,  and  Tartars.  Chinese  annals, 
dating  back  to  before  the  Christian  era,  speak  of  a  powerful  people  threat¬ 
ening  their  empire  from  the  west,  calling  them  Thiukiu ,  or  Turks. 
Numerous  tribes  of  Turanian  stock,  using  dialects  akin  to  the  Turkish,  and 
some  of  them  professing  Buddhism,  are  still  found  widely  scattered  in  that 
region.  In  early  times  the  tide  of  emigration  and  conquest,  forced  back 
from  China,  poured  toward  the  west  as  early  as  the  fifth  and  sixth  centuries 
of  the  Christian  era.  Turkish  tribes  became  known  in  Europe  from  their 
connection  with  the  Greek  and  Roman  Empire  at  Constantinople.  Ad¬ 
vancing  slowly  with  great  herds  of  cattle  through  the  vast  region  now 
bearing  the  name  Turkestan,  some  of  these  Turkish  tribes  encountering  the 
Saracens  (Mohammedans  coming  from  Arabia),  they  themselves,  in  the 
tenth  century,  embraced  the  religion  of  Mohammed,  and  became  from  that 
time  its  zealous  propagators. 

“One  of  these  tribes,  called  Seljuk,  from  the  first  known  chief  of  the  tribe, 
moving  on  by  a  southern  route  through  Bagdad,  established  a  kingdom 
which  at  one  time  extended  from  the  borders  of  China  to  the  shores  of  the 
Mediterranean.  For  224  years  (1075-1299  A.  D.)  it  had  for  its  capital, 
Konia  (the  ancient  Iconium),  and  waged  frequent  wars  with  the  Crusaders 
and  the  Greeks  of  Constantinople.  When  this  Seljukian  Turkish  Empire 
began  to  wane  other  Turkish  tribes,  advancing  by  a  more  northern  route 
from  the  prolific  hive  in  Central  Asia,  by  the  Caspian  and  Aral  Seas  and 
through  Armenia,  completely  subverted  the  dominion  of  the  Seljukians, 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


/ 


and  established  in  its  stead  that  of  the  Ottoman  Turks,  so  called  from 
Othman,  their  chief.  Under  him  and  his  successors  this  new  Turkish 
power  extended  into  Europe,  even  to  the  walls  of  Vienna,  and  in  its  reflux 
wave  captuied  Constantinople  in  the  S^^th  year  of  the  Mohammedan 
Hegira  and  the  1453d  year  of  the  Christian  era.  Since  that  time  these 
Ottoman  J  urks  have  ruled  the  land.  They  assume  to  themselves  as 
Mohammedans  and  conquerors  all  the  higher  offices  of  government,  and, 
designating  the  Christian  part  of  the  population  as  rayaJis  (subjects), 
compel  them  to  pay  special  taxes,  but  exempt  them  from  military  duty. 
These  Ottoman  Turks,  through  the  change  of  climate  and  habits  of  life 
resulting  from  removal  from  Central  Asia  to  Asia  Minor,  and  from  the 
introduction  of  so  many  Circassian  women  into  their  harems,  now  present 
a  physical  type  quite  different  from  that  still  found  among  the  Turkish 
tribes  in  their  original  home.” 

The  Arabs  are  numerous  in  the  south  and  east.  They  are  Moham¬ 
medans;  so  aie  the  Circassians  and  Georgians,  who  have  come  in  from  the 
north  in  large  numbers,  and  the  Koords  of  different  tribes,  occupying 
mainly  the  provinces  bordering  on  Persia.  The  many  sects  bearing  the 
name  Mohammedan  are  left  undisturbed  so  long  as  they  accept  the  one 
generic  creed,  “  There  is  no  god  but  God  ;  and  Mohammed  is  the  prophet 
of  God.  The  Christian  sects  of  the  world  could  learn  something  of 
practical  importance  from  this. 

As  in  other  parts  of  the  empire,  so  in  Asiatic  Turkey  tribes  and  tongues 
are  numerous.  The  question  how  far  races  have  been  intermingled  is  an 
interesting  one,  but  past  all  solution.  Within  the  Mohammedan  faith  there 
is  free  intermarriage,  and  doubtless  through  the  power  of  motives  and 
forces  long  at  work  under  the  supremacy  of  Islam  great  numbers  have,  by 
intermarriage  and  in  other  ways,  been  transferred  from  the  Christian  to  the 
Mohammedan  ranks. 

In  the  centuries  following  the  Trojan  War  there  was  much  colonization 
by  the  Greeks  along  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean  and  Euxine  Seas. 
Some  of  these  colonies  afterwards  became  very  important,  Trapezus  (Trebi- 
zond)  attaining  to  the  dignity  of  empire.  It  is  a  curious  fact  that  among  the 
Greeks  in  the  regions  inland  from  Trebizond,  and  among  those  in 
other  places  who  colonized  from  those  regions,  the  peasants  use  many 
archaic  forms  of  language  belonging  to  the  Greek  of  Homer’s  day. 

The  Armenians  originally  occupied  the  region  about  Ararat  and  the  lands 
drained  by  the  Araxes  and  the  Upper  Euphrates.  Their  dominion  was,  in 
olden  time,  much  extended,  reaching  beyond  the  Taurus  Mountains  to  the 
Mediterranean  coast  and  far  westward.  “Armenia,”  however,  was  of  very 
indefinite  extent.  There  is  now  no  province  or  region  inhabited  exclusively 
by  Armenians,  nor  any  considerable  portion  of  territory  in  which  they  can 
claim  a  majority  of  the  population.  They  are  widely  distributed  in  the 
Turkish  Empire  and  in  other  lands. 


s 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


LANGUAGES,  CUSTOMS,  RELIGIONS 

The  languages  spoken  in  the  country  are  many.  The  general  official 
language  is  the  Turkish,  itself  composite,  containing  the  elements  of  Tartar 
tongues,  as  also  of  Arabic  and  Persian.  It  is  the  market  language  in  general, 
though  not  everywhere.  Arabic  prevails  largely  south  of  the  Taurus 
Mountains.  Armenians  commonly,  though  not  everywhere,  use  their  own 
language  at  the  hearthstone  and  for  religious  purposes,  while  their  business 
is  transacted  in  Turkish.  The  same  thing  is  true  of  the  Greeks  and  those 
of  other  nationalities.  There  are  two  or  more  fireside  dialects  among  the 
Koords,  and  a  half  dozen  among  the  Circassians. 

The  customs,  like  their  languages  and  religions,  are  deeply  grounded  in 
the  ideas  of  the  people,  and  seem  stereotyped.  While  they  exhibit,  in  some 
respects,  a  certain  degree  of  elasticity  and  adaptability,  in  others  there  is  an 
amazing  fixity.  One  is  reminded  of  the  yellow  waters  of  the  River  Halys, 
where  it  empties  into  the  Black  Sea  :  for  miles  and  leagues  it  holds  its  own 
color,  in  the  midst  of  the  clear  dark  waters  of  the  Euxine  ;  the  border  is 
often  so  distinct  that  the  stern  of  the  vessel  may  be  in  the  yellow  water  while 
the  prow  is  in  the  blue.  If  Asiatic  Turkey  were  transported  into  the  middle 
of  Europe,  and  held  there  a  thousand  years  with  all  the  influence  of  the  cen¬ 
turies  moving  about  and  through  it,  it  would  at  the  end  of  that  time,  though 
modified  and  externally  harmonized  with  its  environment,  exhibit  the  sur¬ 
vival  of  innumerable  forms  of  speech  and  thought  and  custom.  No  doubt 
certain  preparations  of  food,  certain  social  customs,  would  after  a  thousand 
years  be  found  in  use  as  now.  These  things  certainly  have  persisted  during 
the  last  three  thousand  years,  through  all  the  changes  of  empire  and  invasion 
that  have  made  the  history  of  the  country  so  variegated.  This  is  not  only  a 
matter  of  interest,  but  of  great  importance.  Often  in  the  midst  of  the  com¬ 
monest  affairs  of  life  there  breaks  upon  the  mind  of  the  traveler  or  the 
student  from  Western  lands  the  true  meaning  of  some  passage  of  Scripture, 
dark  and  unintelligible  to  the  Occidental  scholar  even,  but  plain  as  day  in 
the  light  of  some  Oriental  custom,  form  of  speech  or  thought.  Asiatic 
Turkey  is  the  land  of  the  Bible,  and  will  yet  do  great  service  in  the  elucida¬ 
tion  of  Ploly  Writ.  The  Oriental  child  often  understands  the  Scripture 
where  the  Occidental  commentator  cannot.  The  whole  East  is  a  museum 
of  antiquities.  Pie  who  would  understand  law  or  psalm,  proverb  or  proph¬ 
ecy,  without  resorting  to  it  for  help,  would  be  as  unwise  as  the  theoretic 
geologist  who,  depending  on  his  own  knowledge,  should  refuse  to  study  col¬ 
lections  of  fossils.  In  books  of  exegesis  and  commentary  one  often  sees 
how  the  authors  have  projected  Occidental  notions  into  ancient  Oriental 
writings. 

In  one  respect  the  Orient  does  not  differ  from  the  Occident,  in  the  tend¬ 
ency — one  is  tempted  to  say  determination — to  settle  down  and  rest  upon 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


9 


forms  in  religion.  Ritualism  is  a  universal  disease  or  weakness  in  human¬ 
ity.  It  prevails  equally  East  and  West,  and  in  any  zone.  It  would  hardly 
be  safe  for  any  people  to  say  that  another  tribe  is  more  subject  to  this 
weakness  than  itself.  That  utterance  so  luminous,  and  worthy  of  the 
divine  Christ,  God  is  a  spirit,  and  they  that  worship  him  must  worship 
him  in  spirit  and  in  truth,”  is  still,  to  vast  numbers  called  Christians,  as 
sunlight  shining  upon  blind  eyes.  In  any  land  it  is  the  quickening  spirit 
which  makes  the  word  living  and  active. 

THE.  NE.CE.SSITY  FOR  AND  BEGINNINGS  OF 

E.VANGE.LIZATION 

It  is  not  necessary  here  to  criticise  the  different  religions  of  the  East, 
nor  to  pronounce  any  decision  as  to  which  is  better  or  which  is  worse.  In 
each  of  them  is  found  something  of  the  truth  which  Jesus  so  clearly  re¬ 
vealed.  Among  the  adherents  of  each  there  are  souls  that  look  devoutly  up 
to  God, but  not  through 
open  skies  ;  some  look 
up  through  the  shades 
of  a  tangled  forest. 

Few  are  they  who  do 
not  sorely  need  clearer 
light.  One  difficulty 
is  everywhere  preva¬ 
lent, — the  difficulty  of 
introducing  and  pre¬ 
serving  spiritual  life. 

It  is  still  true  that 
many,  perhaps  during 
past  centuries  myriads, 
of  different  and  an¬ 
tagonistic  faiths  have 
become  martyrs  to  their 
faith.  This  fact  has 
been  used  by  each  as  a 
triumphant  argument, 
justly  so  as  concerns 
the  sincerity  of  the 
martyrs.  It  amounts 
to  little  as  a  proof  of 
the  truth.  Mohamme¬ 
dans  and  Christians 
can  marshal  equal 

numbers  of  martyrs.  dr.  elias  riggs. 

J 


IO 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


It  is  as  necessary  to  consider  and  discern  the  spirit  of  the  martyr  as  the 
spirit  of  the  living  witness.  It  is  not  death  for  a  religion  that  proves  it 
true,  but  life  in  it;  otherwise  the  devotee  of  Juggernaut  must  be  crowned 
with  Stephen  and  with  Christ.  A  holy  life,  the  expression  of  a  holy 
love,  is  the  only  test;  it  may  end  in  martyrdom. 

In  this  view  it  becomes  evident  why  the  whole  East  needs  to  be  evan¬ 
gelized.  The  fact  that  people  are  nominally  Christian  makes  no  difference. 
Facts,  not  names,  have  importance.  The  most  Christian  lands  of  our  day 
need  the  constant  proclamation  of  the  gospel  message.  Every  church  needs 

to  ring  with  it,  every  fireside  needs 
to  be  warmed  with  it,  every  soul 
personally  to  come  under  the  power 
of  it.  Anyone  with  Christian  feel¬ 
ing  and  actual  experience  on  the 
ground  knows  how  the  churches 
and  souls  and  firesides  of  the  East 
need  the  evangel.  All  that  has  been 
done  in  the  East  is  little  in  com¬ 
parison  with  what  is  done  in  the 
West,  and  too  much  is  not  done 
anywhere. 

Experiments  in  evangelization 
had  to  be  made.  They  were  made 
in  the  early  days  of  the  mission  by 
men  capable  of  learning  better 
methods,  not  by  those  doggedly 
committed  to  certain  prescribed 
ways.  The  Apostle  Paul,  long 
before,  had  found  his  way  by  feel¬ 
ing  his  way,  under  the  guiding 
Spirit,  to  Galatia,  to  Bithynia,  to 
Troas,  into  Europe,  where  he  struck  the  track  of  his  great  mission  at 
Philippi,  and  opened  the  Christian  age  to  the  West. 

The  American  Board  established  a  mission  to  the  Greeks  and  Jews  at 
Smyrna  in  1S20.  That  was  a  stepping  stone  at  an  open  door.  The  Arme¬ 
nian  people  were  discovered  ;  they  had  been  little  known,  though  so  old  a 
nation — “  a  shrewd,  industrious,  persevering  race,”  who  received  Chris¬ 
tianity  in  the  fourth  century  through  Gregory,  their  great  illuminator,  the 
Scriptures  being  translated  into  their  tongue  in  A.  D.  477-  It  1S  now  an 
ancient  tongue,  little  understood  by  the  uneducated.  “  The  Armenian 
(Gregorian)  Church  is  a  body  as  strongly  marked  as  the  Roman  Catholic  or 
Greek.  ...  Its  head  is  the  Catholicos.  It  holds  to  transubstantiation,  in¬ 
vokes  the  saints,  enforces  confession  and  penance,  teaches  baptismal  regen¬ 
eration,  priestly  absolution  and  the  merit  of  good  works,  observes  fourteen 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


I  I 


great  feast  days,  one  hundred  and  sixty-five  fast  days,  and  minor  feasts  more 
numerous  than  the  days  in  the  year.  It  has  nine  grades  of  clergy,  some  of 
whom  are  obliged  to  be  once  married.”  While  this  religious  system  has 
not  been  in  vain, — has,  in  fact,  had  a  strong  and  continuous  modifying  influ¬ 
ence  upon  the  spirits  and  minds  of  the  people, — it  can  no  more  be  considered 
sufficient  than  moonlight  or  starlight  is  sufficient  to  take  the  place  of  day¬ 
light.  Not  only  did  the  Armenians,  like  the  Greeks  and  all  the  other 
nominal  Christians,  need  the  republication  of  the  simple  gospel,  but  there 
was  among  them  a  thirst  for  it.  Their  reverence  for  the  Word  of  God,  their 
strong  religious  nature,  their  sturdy  and  persevering  character,  their  ac¬ 
quaintance  with  many  different  peoples  and  knowledge  of  their  languages, 
grandly  fit  them  to  be  an  apostolic  nation,  if  they  can  duly  recognize  that 
mission. 

The  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society  had  printed  and  circulated  some 
thousand  copies  of  the  Scriptures  in  ancient  Armenian,  which  was  under¬ 
stood  by  the  well  educated.  An  Armeno-Turkish  translation  of  the  New 
Testament,  intelligible  to  all  the  people,  was  early  issued,  and  had  influ¬ 
ence.  A  letter  written  by  Dr.  Jonas  King  to  the  Catholics,  stating  the 
reasons  why  he  could  not  become  a  papist,  was  translated  by  Bishop 
Dionysius  and  sent  to  Constantinople,  where  it  produced  among  the  prom¬ 
inent  Armenians  “extraordinary  effect.  A  meeting  was  held,  the  Scripture 
references  examined,  and  a  determination  adopted  to  do  something  to  purify 
the  church.  One  immediate  effect  was  a  training  school  for  priests.  At 
the  head  of  it  was  placed  Peshtimaljian,  a  profound  scholar,  a  theologian 
and  humble  student  of  the  Bible, — a  sort  of  Oriental  Melancthon,  even  in 
his  timidity.  For,  while  steadily  exerting  an  evangelical  influence,  and 
silently  guiding  his  pupils  in  the  paths  of  inquiry,  he  was  alarmed  when  he 
saw  them  joining  the  evangelical  movement ;  and  though  he  at  length  gained 
firmness  enough  to  encourage  them  in  their  course,  it  was  only  in  the  year 
of  his  death  that  he  openly  declared  his  position.  All  the  first  converts  at 
Constantinople  were  from  among  his  alumni.”  Two  missionaries  of  the 
Board,  Pliny  Fisk  and  Levi  Parsons,  began  work  at  Smyrna  in  1820. 

In  1829  the  Prudential  Committee  of  the  American  Board  sent  forth  two 
others,  H.  G.  O.  Dwight  and  Eli  Smith,  on  a  long  tour  of  exploration  among 
the  Armenians.  In  1  S3 1  Mr.  Goodell,  known  so  long  in  the  East  as 
“Father  Goodell,”  came  to  Constantinople,  and  the  systematic  evangeliza¬ 
tion  of  the  empire  was  begun.  He  was  joined  by  H.  G.  O.  Dwight,  W.  G. 
Schauffler,  Elias  Riggs,  Cyrus  Hamlin,  and  others — the  fathers  in  the  mis¬ 
sion  to  Turkey  ;  some  of  them  geniuses,  more  of  them  profound  scholars, 
and  most  of  them  exceedingly  wise  and  practical  in  character,  so  that  they 
got,  among  prominent  Englishmen,  the  reputation  for  “a  marvelous  com¬ 
bination  of  common  sense  and  piety.”  Consecrated  men  and  women  ! 
Why  are  not  the  great  wives  of  great  men  more  recognized?  It  is  gen¬ 
erally  because  of  them  that  their  husbands  are  “  known  in  the  gates." 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


I  2 

The  early  missionaries  saw  the  necessity  of  putting  the  Scriptures  into  the 
hands  of  the  people  in  intelligible  language.  Whatever  modern  or  ancient 
criticism  may  have  to  say,  the  Bible  has  been  proved  to  be  God’s  book 
for  the  people,  greater  than  its  friendly  critics,  safe  from  the  unfriendly, 
and  the  teacher  of  all.  “  The  breath  of  God,”  as  the  Bible  is  called  in 
Armenian,  has  everywhere  been  par  eminence  the  power  in  the  great 
evangelistic  work  that  is  now  changing  the  whole  appearance  and  condition 
of  things  in  the  East.  The  influence  that  quickens  the  spirits  in  the  East, 
wakes  up  the  minds,  gives  man  an  aim  worthy  of  his  manhood,  stirs  enthu¬ 
siasm,  begets  enterprise,  almost  immediately  begins  to  uplift  womanhood, 
purifies  and  restores  the  family  and  society,  is  the  Word  of  God,  the  chosen 
instrument  of  the  Spirit  of  God.  Especially  has  this  been  a  chosen  instru¬ 
ment  in  the  schools.  The  Bible  in  the  schools  is  to-day  rejuvenating  the 
Eastern  mind  and  creating  Christian  civilization;  though,  in  the  meantime, 
some  of  the  lands  of  the  West,  which  owe  everything  to  the  same  Bible,  are 
in  their  wisdom  banishing  the  “breath  of  God”  from  the  schools,  thus 
taking  one  measure  to  deprive  our  civilization  of  its  life. 

Among  the  first  to  come  out  into  the  clear  light  of  the  gospel  were  young 
Hohannes  Der  Sahagian  and  a  companion  named  Senekerim.  The  attend¬ 
ance  at  Mr.  Goodell’s  meetings  increased ;  a  movement  followed  and  a 
great  excitement.  Opposition  schools  were  started  in  Scutari  and  in 
Haskeuy.  In  the  latter  place,  through  an  enlightened  banker’s  influence, 
Der  Sahagian  himself,  to  everybody’s  amazement,  was  made  teacher  of 
hundreds  of  pupils. 


PERSECUTION 

There  followed,  as  might  be  expected,  a  period  of  persecution.  The 
seat  of  the  patriarch  at  Constantinople  was  occupied  by  a  violent  enemy. 
Whatever  could  be  done  by  intimidation,  by  anathema  and  boycotting,  by 
false  accusations  of  crime,  by  deprivation  of  worldly  goods,  by  the  rending 
of  family  and  social  ties,  by  the  infliction  of  prison  woe  and  subjection  to 
ignominy,  by  reviling  and  by  stoning,  the  persecutors  did  not  neglect  to  do, 
the  result  being  what  it  usually  is  in  such  cases — those  so  ill-treated  were 
established  in  their  conviction  of  the  truth  of  that  for  which  they  suffered. 
Every  blow  had  helped  drive  down  the  piles  on  which  the  temple  was  to  be 
built.  “  The  excommunication  was  a  blunder  ;  it  founded  four  Protestant 
churches  the  first  year.  The  Romish  patriarch  had,  in  1836,  tried  his  hand 
at  a  public  denunciation  of  the  missionaries  and  their  books.  Four  years 
later  the  Armenian  patriarch  had  issued  a  bull,  followed  in  a  fortnight  by 
one  from  the  Greek  patriarch,  both  of  the  same  description,  followed  in 
six  weeks  by  another  Armenian  bull,  with  fearful  anathemas.  For  six 
months  continuously  was  this  anathema  kept  dinning  every  Sabbath  in  the 
ears  of  the  faithful  till  cursing  grew  stale.  So  much  thundering  sent  many 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


*3 


✓ 

flashes  of  light  through  the  dark.  The  patriarch  had  better  facilities  for 
advertising  than  the  missionaries.  He  unquestionably  sent  them  a  multi¬ 
tude  of  inquirers.” 

#  u  When  the  patriarch  had  hurried  Bedros  out  of  the  city  for  his  Protes¬ 
tant  tendencies,  this  vartabed ,  or  monk,  had  gone  distributing  books  and 
preaching  throughout  all  the  region  of  Aleppo  and  Aintab.  When  the 
same  persecutor  had  sent  Vertannes  a  prisoner  to  the  monastery  at  Marash, 
and  then  banished  him  to  Cesarea,  Vertannes  had  first  awakened  the  monks 
and  then  preached  the  gospel  all  the  way  to  Cesarea. 

il  The  missionaries  wisely  availed  themselves  of  the  rising  interest  in  tours 
of  preaching  and  conversing  and  distributing  religious  treatises.  Messrs. 
Powers,  Johnson,  Van  Lennep,  Everett,  Benjamin  (accompanied  by  earnest 
native  laborers),  went  forth  preaching  at  Aintab,  Aleppo,  Brousa,  Harpoot, 
Sivas,  Diarbekir,  Arabkir,  Marsovan,  Cesarea  and  various  other  places  in 
the  empire.” 

Thus  a  great  movement  was  inaugurated.  The  establishment  of  evan¬ 
gelical  schools  immediately  followed — an  agency  of  untold  power.  Most 
marked  in  the  early  days  was  the  influence  of  the  seminary  at  Bebek,  on 
the  Bosphorus.  The  warm  and  earnest  spirit  of  the  early  evangelical  breth¬ 
ren  was  very  great,  and  permeated  the  whole  interior.  Due  emphasis  has 
hardly  been  laid  upon  this. 

In  iS^o  the  Sultan  gave  forth  the  edict  establishing  the  Protestant  com¬ 
munity  on  the  same  footing  with  other  Christian  bodies,  and  the  force  of 
persecution  was  broken.  No  man  is  more  gratefully  remembered  by  the 
evangelical  people  than  Sir  Stratford  Canning  (Lord  Stratford  de  Redcliffe), 
whose  straightforward  boldness  made  him  the  champion  of  religious  liberty. 
With  the  force  of  his  own  character  and  of  the  great  nation  at  his  back,  he 
became  “The  voice  of  England  in  the  East,”  as  says  Tennyson's  line  on 
his  monument  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

So  much  for  the  introduction  of  the  new  force  through  the  life-giving 
gospel.  The  whole  story,  with  all  its  thrilling  events  and  experiences,  could 
not  be  told  in  a  volume  of  moderate  size.  All  that  can  be  done  here  is 
to  give  a  brief  sketch  of  the  subsequent  developments  under  several  heads, 
to  show  the  great  main  branches  which  the  tree  of  life  has  thrown  out  in 
its  vigorous  growth. 


THE.  DE.VEXOPME.NT 

I.  OF  THE  SELF-SUPPORTING  AND  SELL-PROPAGATING 

EVANGELICAL  CHURCH 

Without  this  no  land  can  be  evangelized.  The  original  three  or  four 
churches  grew  and  branched  forth,  and  new  churches  sprang  up  in  different 
places.  Early  in  the  progress  of  the  work  the  duty  of  assuming  their  own 
support  was  inculcated,  and,  with  time  and  progress,  more  and  more  of  the 


H 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


responsibility  and  expense  was  laid  upon  young  churches.  There  has  been 
no  turning  hack,  though  the  pressure  has  been  gentle.  Much  unevenness 
has  been  seen  in  the  progress  of  self-support,  occasionally  retrogression,  but 
in  a  general  view  results  are  very  gratifying. 

What  was  originally  one  great  mission  in  the  Turkish  Empire  has  become 
four  missions  (five  including  Syria,  which  is  now  under  the  Presbyterian 
Board)  :  The  Western  Turkey  Mission,  including  the  larger  part  of  the 
peninsula  of  Asia  Minor  and  Constantinople;  the  European  Turkey 
Mission,  including  the  European  principalities  and  provinces;  the  Central 
Turkey  Mission,  south  of  the  Taurus  Mountains,  and  extending  to  the 
borders  of  Syria  ;  the  Eastern  Turkey  Mission,  in  the  region  of  the  Upper 
Euphrates,  and  reaching  to  the  Persian  and  Russian  boundaries.  Each  of 


A  TURKISH  ARABA. 

( Such  as  the  missionaries  travel  in  zvherever  there  are  roads.) 

these  missions  has  its  centers  of  work,  and  each  center  or  station  its  out- 
stations.  The  present  sketch  includes  only  those  under  the  American 
Board  in  Asiatic  Turkey.  The  original  four  churches  have  increased  to 
120,  of  which  43  are  in  the  Western,  33  in  the  Central,  and  44  in  the  Eastern 
Mission.  There  is  a  multitude  of  out-stations,  also,  with  evangelical  com¬ 
munities,  schools,  and  regular  preaching  of  the  gospel,  where,  though  there 
are  many  church  members,  churches  are  not  yet  organized  ;  such  organiza¬ 
tion  depending  on  the  fulfillment  of  certain  conditions.  The  total  member¬ 
ship  in  the  churches  is  13,409.  The  churches  in  the  Central  Mission  are 
fewer  in  number, — one  fourth  of  the  whole, — but  they  are  larger  in  mem¬ 
bership, — near  one  half  of  the  whole.  Also,  as  a  result  of  the  great 
revival  in  the  Central  Mission,  there  have  been  as  many  additions  of  late 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


*5 


as  in  the  two  others  together.  The  number  added  to  the  churches  on 
profession  of  faith  in  1902  was  871.  The  amount  paid  by  the  people  for 
the  support  and  propagation  of  the  gospel  and  for  education  was  $93,000. 
In  Eastern  Turkey  the  people  have  been  prostrated  for  years  with  calamities 
untold,  and  self-support  must  inevitably  be  hindered  accordingly.  In 
Western  Turkey  great  strides  have  been  made ;  the  people  within  that 
mission  expended  for  church,  educational,  and  benevolent  work  during 
the  year  1903  about  $66,000.  This  sum,  where  the  average  earnings  of  the 
givers  are  from  twelve  to  twenty  cents  a  day,  and  unreliable  at  that,  means 


PASTORS  IN  CENTRAL  TURKEY. 

a  large  proportion  of  income.  This  $66,000  translated  into  American 
terms, — that  proportion  of  average  income  in  our  country  would  mean  near 
or  quite  half  a  million  dollars.  Aside  from  missionary  salaries,  for  every 
dollar  now  given  by  the  American  Board  in  prosecuting  the  religious  and 
educational  work  in  that  mission  the  native  brethren  are  contributing  two 
dollars.  In  one  station  where  years  ago  it  was  difficult  to  raise  a  hundred 
dollars  all  told  for  this  work,  from  native  sources  $9,000  (or,  if  all  school 
expenses  are  reckoned  in,  twelve  thousand)  is  the  present  amount  paid  by 
the  same  Christian  community  at  this  date  (1903),  and  it  is  yet  on  the  in¬ 
crease.  Of  this,  $2,000  and  more  is  for  home  and  foreign  missions. 


i6 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


Many  a  poor  Armenian  in  the  Koordish  mountains,  many  a  tattered 
villager  on  the  Harpoot  plains,  used  to  the  suffering  of  robbery  and  inured  to 
want,  brings  for  the  support  and  propagation  of  the  gospel  his  poor  pittance, 
more  munificent,  measured  by  the  sacrificing  devotion  of  it,  than  the  gifts  of 
princes  that  sound  aloud  as  they  fall  into  the  treasury.  In  other  parts  of  the 
country  there  are  those  so  humble  that  the  dwelling  of  the  family  would 
hardly  be  valued  at  $25,  who  yet  bring  $25  to  help  build  the  house  of 
worship,  where  they  and  their  poor  neighbors  may  hear  the  sound  of  the 
gospel.  There  is  a  little  church  of  forty-two  members  on  the  Black  Sea 
coast  that  has  never,  from  the  beginning,  had  a  dollar  of  outside  aid. 
They  have  built  their  own  house  of  worship,  carry  on  a  good,  independent 
school  and  vigorous  evangelization  in  the  vicinage,  and  have,  moreover, 
within  a  dozen  or  fifteen  years  sent  contributions  aggregating  near  two 
thousand  dollars  into  the  treasury  of  the  American  Board.  They  are  also 
devising,  from  their  little  possessions,  legacies  to  the  same  Board.  A  com¬ 
munity  of  poor  shepherds  in  the  mountains  who  could  not,  by  pooling 
their  total  possessions,  comfortably  support  one  respectable  village  family 
in  the  United  States,  are  entirely  self-supporting,  have  a  house  of  worship, 
sustain  a  good  school,  and  have  undertaken  to  evangelize  twenty-six  villages 
in  their  vicinity.  And  these  are  not  isolated  cases  of  sporadic  devotion — 
they  are  very  common  things.  A  large  proportion  of  the  evangelical  people 
are  accustomed  to  devote  to  benevolence  at  least  a  tenth  of  all  income,  all 
earnings,  and  many  do  far  more. 

If  sacrifice  in  poverty  for  Christ’s  cause  is  a  fruit  of  the  Spirit  now,  as  it 
was  in  Macedonia  in  the  days  of  the  Apostle  Paul,  the  constituency  of  the 
American  Board  have  no  reason  for  discouragement  as  to  the  fruits  of  their 
work  in  Asia.  In  Central  Turkey  similar  encouragement  appears. 

Balancing  together  the  elements  of  success  in  these  three  missions,  we 
find  the  average  to  represent  nearly  equal  power  active  among  the  people. 
In  the  Eastern  Mission  we  find  the  spirit  of  endurance  under  heavy  trial,  in 
the  Western  large  development  of  the  spirit  of  benevolence  and  progressive 
Christian  education,  and  in  the  Central  earnest  spiritual  life  and  effective 
effort  in  bringing  forward  preachers  and  teachers.  If  martyrdom  for 
Christ’s  sake  were  put  down  as  an  element  in  the  tabular  views  of  missions 
the  dollar  signs  might  fade  into  insignificance,  and  the  last  become  first. 

Not  in  money  contributions  alone  do  the  evangelical  Christians  of  Asia 
Minor  show  the  spirit  of  advancement ;  not  a  few  manifest  that  spirit  in 
labors  abundant.  “There  are  struggling  communities  of  these  people, 
burdened  with  poverty  and  the  trials  of  life,  yet  sending  forth  from  the 
focus  of  fervent  faith  laborers,  going  two  and  two  among  the  villages, 
publishing  the  good  tidings,  laboring  to  make  the  ignorant  and  depraved 
understand  that  ‘  God  so  loved  the  world.’  ”  These  simple-hearted  people 
believe  the  gospel,  and  preach  it  because  they  believe  it.  They  need  none 
of  the  help  of  doubt.  Life  itself  is  too  real,  its  burdens  too  heavy,  its  ways 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


l7 

too  rough,  its  thorns  too  sharp,  to  allow  of  according  value  to  any  gospel  or 
philosophy  which  does  not  give  them  a  Christ,  here  and  now,  a  word  of 
promise  and  consolation  to  be  relied  on.  Whatever  of  tiuth  01  half  tiuth 
various  and  conflicting  evolutionary  systems  may  contain,  they  aie  not  pi  each- 
able  to  weary,  bleeding,  and  suffering  humanity.  These  humble  evangelists 
have  in  their  minds  no  shadow  of  a  suspicion  concerning  the  eternal  truth  of 
the  message  they  bear,  and  Christ  is  with  them,  according  to  his  piomise. 
So  gospel  love  and  gospel  grace  are  communicated  from  village  to  village, 
and  the  work  grows  of  itself,  because  of  its  inherent  power. 


DR.  AND  MRS.  WILSON  A.  FARNSWORTH. 


Not  always  and  everywhere  has  the  new  element  been  so  simple  and  puie. 
Sometimes  the  false  intrudes,  and  mixes  itself  with  the  tine,  wheieb\  the 
truth  is  half  despoiled  of  its  power.  “It  was  ever  thus.” 

II.  THE.  DE.VE.LOPME.NT  OF  THE.  SPIRITUAL  LIFE. 

The  above  Nance  at  some  of  the  Christian  workers  leads  diiectly  to  the 
consideration  of  the  development  of  spiritual  life.  As  the  giowth  of 
formalism  registers  its  decadence,  so  the  appearance  of  that  life  bleaks  up 
formalism,  and  is  generally  accompanied  with  enthusiasm  for  all  that  is 
good.  Doubtless  brilliant  civilization  and  material  progress  may  be  sus¬ 
tained  and  nourished  for  a  time  by  other  than  gospel  influence,  and  mateiial 
progress  is  likely  to  be  pronounced  success.  To  the  church  in  Laodicea, 
rich  and  increased  in  goods,  outshining  all  in  respectability,  the  Lord  said, 
“I  will  spew  thee  out  of  my  mouth  ”  ;  while  to  that  in  Philadelphia  he 


1 8 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


said,  “Thou  hast  a  little  strength,  and  hast  kept  my  word,  and  hast  not 
denied  my  name  ;  I  have  set  before  thee  an  open  door,  and  no  man  can 
shut  it.”  Far  more  important  is  the  question  of  spiritual  life  than  the  con¬ 
sideration  of  the  number  of  church  members,  the  amounts  paid  in  support 
of  churches  and  schools,  the  advance  in  learning  and  civilization. 

Have  these  Christians  caught  the  spirit  of  Christ?  It  is  no  easy  task  to 
estimate  spirits,  to  compute  devotion,  to  measure  sainthood.  No  statistics 
give  account  of  patience  and  love,  of  quiet  ministrations  to  the  sick  and 

hungry  and  imprisoned. 
Only  those  who  have 
been  in  intimate  rela¬ 
tions  with  the  people  in 
question  can  form  a 
judgment  at  all  correct 
in  regard  to  these  things. 
Inconsistencies  are  as 
common  and  as  disheart¬ 
ening  among  Asiatic 
Christians  as  elsewhere 
in  the  church,  and  yet, 
were  the  opinions  of  the 
experienced  gathered  up, 
the  nearly  unanimous 
judgment  would  be  that 
the  constellations  of  the 
Western  Asiatic  church 
are  as  bright  with  stars 
of  true  sainthood  as  any 
in  the  h r m  a m  ent  of 
Christendom  ;  especially 
is  it  to  be  conceded  if 
martyrdom  adds  brightness.  And  surely  though  men  may  die  for  a  false 
cause,  it  is  glorious  to  die  for  a  true  one.  The  saints  and  heroes  of  the 
East  are  not  written  up  in  the  newspapers,  nor  kept  before  the  public  ; 
their  humble  and  self-denying  labors  are  known  to  God.  How  many  good 
pastors  and  Bible  women,  sincere  brethren,  and  unpretending  sisters  are 
winning,  or  have  won,  a  bright  crown  by  patient  continuance  in  well  doing  ! 
Any  missionary  in  any  held  knows  of  them.  Not  a  few  after  the  earnest 
work  of  life  have  laid  down  life  in  martyrdom  at  last  for  the  testimony  of 
jesus.  Many,  many  true-hearted  women,  unknown  to  the  great  world, 
have  been,  or  soon  will  be,  introduced  into  the  company  of  the  Marys  who 
ministered  to  the  Master  when  he  was  on  earth.  He  would  be  a  bold  critic 
who  would  undertake  to  say  that  in  the  average  Asiatic  evangelical  church 
there  is  less  of  true  devotion  than  in  the  average  American  church  of  the 


REV.  HAGOP  ABOUHAIATIAN,  MARTYR. 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


l9 


same  profession.  While  in  business  efficiency  and  organized  action  Asi¬ 
atic  churches  may  not  compare  well  with  Western,  in  willingness  to  bear 
burden  and  trial,  it  will  not  be  entirely  for  our  comfort  if  we  compare  our¬ 
selves  with  them.  Judged  by  the  effort  to  live  the  life  of  Christ  in  human 
society,  judged  by  the  spirit  of  patience,  the  spirit  of  forgiveness,  the  spirit 
of  benevolence,  the  spirit  of  prayerfulness,  the  spirit  of  reverence  and  love, 
the  less  confidence  the  churches  and  people  of  the  West  entertain  of  out¬ 
ranking  those  of  the  East  the  greater  will  be  their  credit  for  humility. 

There  is  no  question  more  difficult  than  that  of  church  discipline;  none 
that  tests  more  severely  the  spirits  of  the  faithful  brethren,  or  makes  them 
feel  more  keenly  the  necessity  of  the  spirit  of  Christ  among  them.  To  keep 
the  church  pure,  and,  at  the  same  time,  to  avoid  rooting  up  the  wheat  with 
the  tares,  requires  a  wisdom,  a  firmness,  a  gentleness  hard  for  individual 
Christians  or  churches  to  attain  to.  Most  of  those  well  acquainted  with 
conditions  in  the  Turkish  missions  will  probably  agree  that  the  effort  to  keep 
the  church  pure  through  discipline  of  the  disorderly  is  more  honest  and 
earnest  than  among  the  churches  of  our  own  country.  If  discipline  is  to  be 
exercised  there  must  be  much  trouble  and  affliction;  if  it  is  given  over  there 
must  result  lapse  and  corruption.  To  the  honor  of  most  of  the  evangelical 
brethren  in  Turkey,  it  must  be  said  that  they  have  shown  Christian  solici¬ 
tude  and  patience  in  their  efforts  to  keep  corruption  out  of  the  church. 

Organized  church  life  is  a  branch  of  the  spiritual  life  of  the  church.  In 
order  to  secure  fellowship  and  harmonious  action,  several  evangelical 
unions  have  been  formed,  one  in  the  neighborhood  of  Constantinople,  called 
the  Bithynia  Union  ;  another  south  of  the  Taurus  Mountains,  called  the 
Cilicia  Union;  one  in  the  central  portion  of  the  peninsula  of  Asia  Minor, 
called  the  Central  Union  ;  the  fourth  in  Eastern  Turkey,  called  the  Harpoot 
Union.  In  the  meetings  of  these  unions  the  interests  of  the  work  are  dis¬ 
cussed  and  fostered,  forces  are  united,  sympathies  kindled,  co-operation  and 
good  understanding  advanced.  Also,  the  unions  usually  attend  to  the 
examination  and  licensure  of  candidates  for  the  ministry,  to  ordination  of 
pastors  and  to  questions  of  fellowship  and  discipline  where  counsel  is  asked. 

These  unions  have  also  taken  up  home  missionary  work  in  different  parts 
of  the  land,  notably  in  Koordistan. 

The  unions  are  independent  bodies  ;  missionaries  are  honoray  members. 
As  in  the  churches,  so  here  they  have  influence  as  counselors  and  friends, 
but  have  no  authority.  As  the  churches  are  expected  to  be  self-supporting 
and  self-propagating,  they  are  also  self-governing.  It  is  confidently  expected 
that  self-government  and  strength  will  in  due  time  be  such  that  when  the 
foreign  influence  and  aid  are  wholly  withdrawn,  the  work  will  go  on  un¬ 
checked.  Toward  this  consummation  the  spiritual  forces  in  action  are  now 
working. 


20 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


III.  THE.  DEVELOPMENT  IN  EDUCATION 

During  the  prosecution  of  this  work  in  the  Turkish  Empire  wise  atten¬ 
tion  has  been  given  all  along  to  the  education  of  the  young,  both  in  the 
common  branches,  with  reference  to  good  and  intelligent  social  and  family 
Christian  life;  and  in  the  more  advanced,  with  reference  to  the  Christian 
leadership  so  vitally  important  in  the  development  of  the  community. 
That  this  principle,  discerned  by  our  own  American  forefathers,  as  a 
corner  stone  in  our  national  structure,  is  just  as  applicable  to  and  important 


PRESIDENT  CYRUS  HAMLIN. 

in  the  building  of  Christian  communities  in  mission  lands  as  at  home,  has 
dawned  at  last  upon  the  minds  of  all  who  seriously  prosecute  this  foreign 
work.  The  position  which  Christian  education  has  taken  in  missions  is 
impregnably  strong.  Not  only  does  such  education  improve,  inform, 
enable  young  men  and  young  women,  but  it  finds  out  the  able,  gathers  up 
the  natural  leaders ;  it  not  only  educates,  but  makes  educators.  It  is  a 
means  without  which  no  Christian  country,  community,  or  enterprise  has 
ever  held  permanent  leadership,  or  ever  can.  The  day  of  light  is  advanc¬ 
ing  in  the  East  with  the  rise  of  the  Christian  colleges. 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


2  I 


Very  great  and  far-reaching  was  the  influence  of  that  school  established 
in  early  times  by  Cyrus  Hamlin  in  the  village  of  Bebek,  on  the  Bosphorus. 
This  first  venture,  though  so  small  a  craft  compared  with  what  has  followed, 
made  the  wake  for  a  whole  fleet  of  mighty  vessels  coming  after, — Robert 
College  at  Constantinople,  the  Syrian  Protestant  College  at  Beirut,  the 
Central  Turkey  College  at  Aintab,  Euphrates  College  at  Harpoot,  Anatolia 
College  at  Marsovan,  the  American  College  for  Girls  at  Scutari,  the  Insti¬ 
tute  at  Samokov  in  Bulgaria,  St.  Paul’s  Institute  at  Tarsus,  the  International 
College  at  Smyrna,  with  leading  schools  for  girls  in  the  interior  like  those 
at  Marash,  Marsovan,  and  elsewhere.  Another  most  important  class  of 
institutions  took  its  rise  from  the  same  fountain, — the  theological  seminaries 
at  Marash,  Marsovan,  Harpoot,  without  which  the  others  would  hardly 
have  come  into  existence.  They  introduced  the  gospel  widely,  and  educa¬ 
tional  progress  followed.  Here  we  have  a  dozen  or  more  institutions 
which  are  the  leaders  of  thought  and  the  makers  of  character  in  the  empire. 
As  this  sketch  deals  only  with  matters  in  the  care  of  the  American  Board 
in  Asiatic  Turkey,  attention  must  here  be  confined  to  the  schools  there 
located  and  within  the  sphere  of  the  Board’s  responsibility. 

Great  and  wide  as  is  the  influence  of  the  institutions  to  which  attention  is 
here  directed,  their  total  equipment  in  land,  buildings,  libiaiies,  appaiatus, 
endowments,  is  hardly  more  than  three  quarteis  of  a  million  dollais. 
While  each  in  its  own  field  holds  the  place  of  a  Yale,  or  an  Oberlin,  or  a 
Williams,  or  a  Mt.  Holyoke,  or  a  Beloit,  the  cost  of  all  in  money  is  hardly 
equal  to  that  of  one  of  the  humblest  of  the  above  named, — not  one  tenth  of 
what  it  is  in  corresponding  American  institutions,  with  fundamentally 
equal  curricula,- — so  great  is  the  contrast  in  the  scale  of  expense  between 
the  two  countries  as  concerns  grounds,  buildings,  appui  tenances,  salaiies, 
and  other  expense. 

CENTRAL  TURKEY  COLLEGE 

From  Central  Turkey  College,  established  in  1874,  at  Aintab,  has  come 
forth  a  remarkable  number  of  leaders,  of  sound  moral  and  religious 
character.  In  this  respect  it  is  eminent  among  the  colleges. 

There  is  a  corps  of  eleven  teachers.  Though  the  numbei  of  students  is 
not  large,  the  institution  produces  solid  and  influential  men.  It  may  be 
compared  to  a  tree  without  very  great  spread  of  branches  or  fine  show  of 
leaves,  but  excellent  fruit  and  much  of  it.  Theie  is  connected  with  it  an 
important  medical  branch,  from  which  have  come  foith  moie  than  foity 
physicians  now  prospering  in  important  places,  and  the  college  has  pio- 
duced  about  as  many  ministers  of  the  gospel.  A  much  greater  numbei  of 
teachers  has  issued  from  its  halls,  and  they  have  made  a  deep  impression 
upon  the  land.  The  college  is  the  controlling  influence  in  that  legion. 

In  order  to  hold  that  influence  permanently  and  enter  still  larger  fields, 
the  instruments  of  enlarged  influence  must  be  provided.  In  this  lespect  the 


22 


MISSIONS  IN 


ASIATIC 


TURKEY 


CENTRAL  TURKEY  COLLEGE,  AINTAI 


MISSION  PREMISES  AT  IIARPOOT,  WITH  NEW  BUILDINGS  OF  EUPHRATES  COLLEGE. 


24 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


college  has  felt  need  and  feels  it  more  and  more.  As  this  has  proved  itself 
an  institution  of  first-class  importance  in  the  country,  it  deserves  hearty  sym¬ 
pathy  and  full  provision  for  its  wants.  The  salaries  of  professors  have 
been  kept  at  a  low  figure  ;  much  of  the  good  work  done  has  been  accom¬ 
plished  under  pressure  of  financial  difficulty.  The  evangelical  people  of 
the  region  have  a  share  in  the  management  of  Central  Turkey  College,  and 
will  have  a  larger  share  as  time  passes.  They,  as  well  as  the  mission,  are 
to  be  congratulated  on  the  fact  that  they  are  ready  and  able  to  take  up  this 
responsibility. 

EUPHRATES  COLLEGE 

Euphrates  College,  established  in  1876,  at  Harpoot,  holds  a  position  both 
trying  and  important,  as  that  place  has  been  a  much  agitated  center  during 
past  years.  The  method  in  the  institution  is  different  from  that  of  the  other 
colleges.  Both  sexes,  and  the  preparatory  departments  in  each,  are  in¬ 
cluded  under  the  college  management.  The  graduates  are  numerous,  and 


REV.  CROSBY  H.  WHEELER. 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


2  5 

the  influence  great  and  pervading.  The  institution  has  been  subjected  to 
severe  trial  from  frequent  loss  of  teachers  and  the  destruction  of  its 
property.  Nearly  all  the  buildings  were  burned  at  the  time  of  the  outbreaks 
in  1S95.  They  have  been  rebuilt,  and  only  a  temporary  check  resulted 
from  the  events  apparently  so  disastrous.  Bearing  up  bravely  against 
adversity,  it  forges  ahead  and  grows  in  importance. 

Each  of  the  colleges  in  Turkey  seems  to  have  a  mission  of  its  own,  and 
different  from  that  of  the  others.  Euphrates  College  has  to  do  mainly  with 
one  nationality,  but  its  place  is  so  high  and  its  power  so  great  within  that 
community  that  it  stands  on  its  own  merits  and  shines  by  its  own  light. 
It  evidently  has  a  large  place  in  the  affections  of  the  people,  for  they  love  it 
more  as  years  pass,  even  those  in  foreign  lands  who  have  felt  its  influence 
turning  to  look  with  favor  upon  it,  and  volunteering  substantial  aid  to  it. 
Its  indefatigable  and  singularly  practical,  though  sometimes  apparently 
roughshod  founder,  Dr.  Crosby  H.  Wheeler,  has  not  only  unwittingly  built 
a  lasting  monument  to  his  own  memory,  but  beholds,  if  his  spirit  is  cogni¬ 
zant  of  earthly  things,  the  people  who  shared  his  castigations  and  his  un¬ 
feigned  love,  ready  to  build  other  monuments  to  perpetuate  his  name  ;  while 
his  successors  are  worthily  following  up  his  labors,  and  bringing  ever  larger 
numbers  under  the  influence  of  the  college.  The  financial  management  is 
sound,  debt  is  avoided,  the  spirit  of  progress  is  present,  and  grand  success 
seems  assured. 

ANATOLIA  COLLEGE 

Anatolia  College,  established  at  Marsovan,  in  18S6,  is  younger  by  some 
years  than  the  two  already  mentioned.  It  has  graduated  seventeen  classes, 
averaging  eight  members  each.  One  sixth  of  these  graduates  have  become 
ministers  of  the  gospel,  another  sixth  have  become  physicians.  One  third 
of  the  graduates  (and  a  great  number  of  those  who  did  not  take  a  complete 
course)  have  become  teachers ;  near  another  third  have  become  business 
men.  The  fact  that  most  of  the  students  are  during  their  course,  if  not 
before  entrance,  won  to  the  love  of  Christ,  would  seem  unquestionable 
evidence  that  the  college,  as  a  Christian  enterprise,  has  attained  its  end. 

Though  very  small  at  first,  it  grew  and  prospered,  and  now  practically 
dominates  intellectually  and  morally  a  region  of  eighty  thousand  square  miles. 

The  faculty  is  composed  of  experienced  educators,  who  aie  Chiistian 
men,  and  have  enjoyed  the  advantages  of  special  training  for  their  depart¬ 
ments.  Five  languages  are  in  use  in  the  institution,  though  English  is  the 
general  language.  Students  of  all  nationalities  are  admitted  without  dis¬ 
tinction.  The  yearly  charges  are  such  as  to  bring  the  privileges  within  the 
reach  of  the  middle  class,  and  the  payments  by  the  students  cover  two  thirds 

of  the  running  expense  of  the  college. 

The  Scriptures  are  reverently  studied  every  day  by  each  class  separately. 
Reason,  revelation,  religion,  being  found  in  harmony,  furnish  a  noble  foun¬ 
dation  for  the  development  of  mind  and  the  advance  of  science.  With  this 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


27 


college,  as  with  the  others,  the  opportunities  as  the  years  go  on,  are  larger 
than  the  facilities  for  using  them,  and  deserve  the  friendly  and  watchful 
care  of  those  who  expect  to  see  the  best  permanent  results  from  the  work 

of  the  American  Board  in  Asiatic  Turkey. 

The  self-help  industrial  department  is  a  right  arm  of  the  college  in  the 
prosecution  of  its  mission.  In  the  shops,  by  cabinet  making,  book¬ 
binding,  etc.,  poor  students  are  enabled  to  help  themselves  through  college 
by  laboring  one  quarter  of  each  day.  This  labor  not  only  furnishes  sup¬ 
port  but  tends  to  manly  independence,  favors  health  and  activity  of  mind, 
makes  practical  men  of  the  students;  and  the  system  has  connected  with  it 
two  incidental  advantages  of  great  consequence — each  student  acquires 
complete  or  considerable  knowledge  of  a  trade,  and  the  products  of  labor 
are  sold,  so  that  most  of  the  money  spent  in  students’  wages  is  recovered 
and  used  again  in  the  same  way. 

The  Anatolia  College  Hospital  is  a  most  important  adjunct  to  the  insti¬ 
tution.  Not  only  are  the  students  cared  for  in  case  of  need,  as  well  as  all 
others  on  the  premises,  but  thousands  from  the  surrounding  country  resort 
there  for  treatment.  Thus  intellectual  development,  moiai  influence, 
physical  training  and  beneficent  healing  co-work  in  Anatolia  College, 
and  its  sphere  and  opportunity  of  influence  are  almost  unbounded. 


THE  AMERICAN  COLLEGE  FOR  GIRLS  AT  CONSTANTINOPLE. 


THE  AMERICAN  COLLEGE  FOR  GIRLS 

The  American  College  for  Girls,  at  Scutari,  on  the  Asiatic  side  of  the 
Bosphorus,  holds  a  strategic  position  of  great  importance  in  the  enterprise 
of  female  education.  It  furnishes  the  advantages  of  an  advanced  course  of 
study,  and  draws  its  pupils  from  various  nationalities  and  from  wealthy  and 


28 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


influential  classes.  There  is  ardor  and  industry  in  the  faculty,  and  the 
atmosphere  is  favorable  to  stimulation  of  the  intellect  and  to  refinement  of 
character.  Its  graduates  hold  leading  positions  in  society,  and  many  are 
instructors  of  others. 

Its  influence  has  extended  itself  not  only  over  the  capital  and  large  cities 
on  the  seaboard,  but  into  the  European  provinces  and  principalities,  and 
into  Asiatic  towns,  attracting  from  far  those  who  are  able  to  meet  the 
expense,  which  is,  of  necessity,  much  greater  than  in  the  interior.  It  has 
better  furnishings  and  offers  a  more  advanced  course  of  study  to  pupils  of 
various  nationalities  than  has  up  to  the  present  time  been  possible  in  any 
other  institution  for  girls  in  the  empire. 

The  location  is  a  remarkably  fine  one,  overlooking  the  Bosphorus  and 
the  Marmora,  with  the  mountains  of  Bithynia  in  the  rear.  The  grounds 
are  large,  and  the  buildings  are  fine — all  exceedingly  well  adapted  to  the 
aim  of  the  institution.  It  is  having  no  small  influence  over  even  non- 
Christian  peoples.  The  college  hopes  for  better  financial  foundations,  and 
expects  an  ever-increasing  sphere  of  influence. 

st.  paul’s  institute 

The  young  institution  at  Tarsus,  the  city  of  St.  Paul,  whose  name  it 
bears,  dates  from  1SS9,  and  is  one  of  vigorous  growth  and  great  hope.  It 
has  not  yet  had  the  opportunity  of  years  to  exhibit  its  fruits,  but  at  the  rate 
of  progress  manifest  of  late  it  will  not  fail  to  take  its  place  among  the  great 
agencies  of  power  in  the  development  of  that  better  future  which  awaits 
the  races  of  Turkey  under  the  religion  of  light  and  love.  It  has  made  a 
grand  beginning,  and  improves  its  opportunities.  Its  original  equipment 
was  good,  though  not  sufficient  for  its  large  future.  Students  of  different 
nationalities  and  languages  find  facilities  for  liberal  education  in  that 
institution  ;  its  field  is  ample,  and  its  prospects  are  bright. 

THE  INTERNATIONAL  COLLEGE  AT  SMYRNA 

The  new  International  Institution,  which  became  a  college  in  1902,  so 
virile  at  the  outset,  would  seem,  like  the  church  at  Philadelphia,  to  have 
before  it  an  open  door  which  no  man  can  shut.  Like  Anatolia  College, 
like  the  American  College  for  Girls  at  Scutari,  and  like  St.  Paul’s  Institute 
at  Tarsus,  it  is  available  for  various  nationalities. 

The  need  of  this  college  at  this  center  was  foreseen  twenty  years  ago,  and 
initial  steps  taken  for  its  development.  Its  organization,  lately  completed, 
does  not  make  one  college  too  many.  It  has  a  field,  and  a  great  one,  which 
the  others  cannot  occupy.  In  fact,  the  system  of  institutions  thus  far 
founded  is  no  more  than  fairly  adequate  for  the  work  demanded — so  far  is 
it  short  of  anything  like  crowding. 

If  all  these  institutions  hold  themselves  loyal  to  the  great  idea  of  their 
foundation, — the  elevation  of  the  whole  of  manhood,  body,  soul,  and  spirit, 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


29 


through  the  power  that  is  in  Christ, — they  have  before  them  the  glad  hope 
of  being  his  instruments  in  eventually  making  of  the  nations  of  the  East 
what  the  best  nations  have  become  under  the  same  influence,  and  better. 
It  is  hoped  that  not  one  of  them  will  fail  in  that  high  allegiance,  lose  that 
bright  crown,  or  sink  to  the  level  of  the  secular  and  the  earthly. 

O  7 


THE  BITHYNIA  HIGH  SCHOOL  AND  THE  ORPHANAGE. 


The  list  of  the  colleges  does  not  by  any  means  represent  the  entire  en¬ 
terprise  of  Christian  education  in  Asiatic  Turkey.  These  have  accompanied 
and  grown  out  of  the  enterprise.  They  are  both  its  friends  and  its  coad¬ 
jutors.  The  other  high  schools  for  both  sexes  are  of  vast  importance. 
They  exist  at  different  centers,  and  are  in  the  van  of  progress.  The  work 
done  at  Smyrna,  at  Adabazar,  at  Brousa,  at  Cesarea,  at  Sivas,  at  Marash, 
at  Hadjin,  at  Van,  at  Erzroom,  at  Bitlis,  at  Mardin,  has  stamped  itself  on 
society  and  on  coming  centuries.  The  school  for  girls  at  Marash  is  already 
called  a  college  in  anticipation  of  what  it  is  fast  becoming ;  and  the  one  at 
Marsovan,  closely  allied  in  its  aims  with  Anatolia  College  there  established, 
destined,  doubtless,  to  rise  ere  long  into  full  participation  in  collegiate 
character,  has  had,  during  its  existence  of  near  forty  years,  an  influence  that 
has  changed  the  whole  aspect  of  society  within  the  sphere  of  its  operation, 
has  postponed  the  marriage  of  young  girls  four  or  five  years,  and  given 
them  the  opportunity  for  physical,  mental,  and  spiritual  development,  and 
already  brought  forth  a  new  generation  on  a  conspicuously  highei  plane  of 


3° 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


* 


life.  The  very  same  results  have  been  seen  elsewhere  so  far  as  the  instru¬ 
mentality  has  been  perseveringly  used. 

The  purpose  of  the  higher  schools  is  to  generalize  the  same  influence 
through  the  common  schools,  uplifting  the  whole  people.  For  the  prose¬ 
cution  of  education  among  them,  all  the  college  and  high  school  graduates 
available  are  necessary.  Though  the  common  school  work  is  a  self-denying 
one  for  the  teachers,  and  the  pecuniary  rewards  of  labor  are  very  small, 


the  field  is  great  and  the  fruits  are  grand. 


It  should  be  borne  in 
mind  that  these  schools 
are  not  rivals  in  compe¬ 
tition  with  others  already 
established  in  the  land. 
They  have  entered  upon 
new  work,  done  by  none 
other  except  as  others 
follow  their  example. 
Young  as  these  colleges 
are,  and  obliged  to  begin 
with  preparatory  studies, 
consuming  years,  they 
have  already  sent  forth 
hundreds  of  graduates;  in  two  or  three  years  more  the  number  may  reach 
a  thousand.  Far,  far  more  numerous  are  those  who,  though  not  graduates, 
have  had  the  benefits  of  these  schools  for  years  and  have  imbibed  something 
of  their  spirit.  They  number  many  thousands,  and  have  carried  this  in¬ 
fluence  abroad  through  all  the  land.  The  schools  of  a  country  determine 
the  character  of  the  country.  The  time  is  past,  if  in  the  past  there  ever 
was  a  time,  when  unintelligent  Christianity  can  hold  its  own.  Missionaries 
in  all  lands  are  more  and  more  becoming  teachers.  This  is  as  it  should 
be,  and  a  gratifying  sign  of  progress.  In  this  way  only  will  they  be  able 
to  commit  the  treasure  of  the  gospel  to  ‘ ‘  faithful  men  who,  also,  shall 
be  able  to  teach  others.” 


LADY  TEACHERS  IN  COUNCIL. 


IV.  THL  PUBLICATION  DEPARTMENT 

If  a  living  Christianity  requires  intelligence  and  development  of  mind 
through  education,  no  less  does  it  require  the  nourishment  of  pure  and  stim¬ 
ulating  literature,  especially  that  literature  which  brings  minds  into  com¬ 
munion  with  the  best  Christian  thought  of  the  world,  and  opens  up  to 
awakening  nations  the  marvels  of  God’s  word  and  his  work. 

The  polyglot  character  of  the  country  has  doubled  and  redoubled  the 
difficulties  of  putting  the  necessary  literature  into  the  hands  of  the  people. 
Great  patience  and  sacrifice  have  largely  overcome  these  difficulties.  The 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


31 


Scriptures  have  been  carefully  translated  into  the  principal  languages  of  the 
country,  and  very  extensively  circulated.  The  weekly  religious  newspapei, 
The  Avedaper  (Tidings  Bringer),  is  printed  in  three  languages,  and  circu¬ 
lates  in  all  parts  of  the  empire.  This  little  periodical  is  a  great  educatoi,  a 
strong  intellectual  and  moral  force.  Many  useful  and  important  books  have 
been  prepared  and  printed.  Doubtless  the  greatest  work  has  been  the  transla¬ 
tion,  printing,  and  dissemination  of  the  Scriptures.  This  has  been  accom¬ 
plished  in  the  main  by  American  missionaries,  co-working  with  the  British 
and  American  Bible  Societies.  School  books,  commentaries,  Sunday- 
school  lesson  books,  dictionaries,  religious  books  of  a  popular  character, 
hymn  books— whatever  is  most  necessary  for  the  healthy  nourishment  of 
awakened  minds  in  the  families,  the  schools,  the  communities,  is  published, 
but  with  sad  insufficiency,  as  will  be  shown  below. 


The  Bible  House  at  Constantinople  is  the  work  of  one  of  our  mission¬ 
aries,  Dr.  I.  G.  Bliss,  and  it  is  the  place  of  labor  for  a  company  of.  men 
assembled  there  through  the  year,  a  council  quite  as  important  in  the  history 
of  religion  in  the  East  as  any  of  those  held  in  early  centuries  about  the 

shores  of  the  Marmora. 

Christian  people  in  Western  lands  at  present  do  not  at  all  adequately 
appreciate  the  necessity  of  a  pure  literature  to  guide  and  inspire  the  youth 
of  Turkey,  newly  roused  in  intellectual  life,  and  destined  either  to  be 


33 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


guided  and  developed  by  such  help  or  to  be  misguided  and  corrupted  by 
the  worst  of  French  literature,  translated  because  it  will  sell,  and  coming 
in  like  a  stream  of  sewage  rank  with  poison.  It  is  deplorable  when  children 
born  into  the  spiritual  life  through  the  missionary  agency  are  left  to  grow  up 
on  such  food  as  they  can  get  from  France.  While  the  need  of  pure  literature 
has  doubled  and  redoubled  within  twenty  years,  the  appropriations  for  pro¬ 
ducing  it  in  the  empire  are  only  a  third  what  they  were  twenty  years  ago. 
Much  is  done,  but  not  enough  under  such  limitations.  True,  nine  million 
pages  of  print  go  out  in  a  year,  but  the  variety  of  the  literature  is  very 
small  and  insufficient,  and  grows  more  insufficient  as  the  field  widens. 
Shall  we  deny  to  the  children  of  our  own  prayers  the  river  of  the  water  of 
life,  with  its  trees  of  sweet  fruit  and  leaves  for  the  healing  of  the  nations, 
and  send  them  to  the  slimy  waste  waters  of  the  worst  continental  literature 
to  quench  their  thirst  for  drink? 

It  would  be  insincere  in  a  sketch  to  array  the  successes  of  our  work  with¬ 
out  acknowledging  the  failures.  One  main  object  in  exhibiting  the  work 
should  be  to  show  these  failures  and  correct  them.  While  strictest  laws 
should  be  laid  down  and  adhered  to  in  keeping  down  the  cost  of  publica¬ 
tion,  there  should  be  great  increase  in  its  amount;  otherwise  we  give  up  the 
fortress  after  we  have  taken  it. 


SELF-HELP  STUDENTS. 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


33 


V.  THE.  SELF-HELP  ENTERPRISE. 

The  word  industrial  or  the  term  manual  training  is  sure  to  mislead. 
Its  mere  mention  as  a  department  of  missionary  work  rouses  an  old  notion 
in  many  minds — that  the  missionary  is  secularizing  himself,  leaving  the 
gospel  to  teach  trades.  The  true  idea  is  as  simple  as  it  is  sound.  It  is 
helping  people  to  help  themselves,  especially  the  young,  in  course  of  educa¬ 
tion.  Instead  of  being  educated  by  charitable  aid  and  becoming  a  depend¬ 
ent  (who  is  always  a  weak  complainer),  the  youth  is  offered  the  opportunity 
to  work  his  way  through  a  course  of  education.  Many  benefits  result : — 

1.  He  preserves  and  develops  independence. 

2.  He  acquires  facility  and  practical  character. 

3.  The  exercise  favors  health  and  brightens  the  mind. 

4.  He  learns  economy  by  earning  his  expense,  instead  of  using  others’ 
money. 

5.  His  mind  is  trained  to  exactness;  any  missionary  knows  the  impor¬ 
tance  of  that. 

6.  Incidentally  a  trade  is  learned.  Paul,  yes  Christ  himself,  had  a  trade. 

7.  This  tends  decidedly  to  progress  in  civilization. 

8.  The  idea  of  the  dignity  of  labor  is  acquired. 

9.  The  products  of  labor  are  sold,  the  cost  recovered,  in  part  or  wholly, 
and  the  same  money  used  again  and  again  and  again,  instead  of  being  used 
once,  in  direct  aid. 


a;" 


FORM  OF  SELF-HELP. 


34 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


The  self-help  system  by  which  students  earn  their  school  expenses,  instead 
of  having  them  paid  from  charitable  funds,  is  more  and  more  a  success.  It 
has  been  notably  so  in  the  orphanage  at  Van  ;  it  has  been  much  in  use  at 
Nicomedia ;  it  has  been  successful  on  a  small  scale  at  Sivas.  At  Marsovan, 
as  at  Van  and  Harpoot,  it  was  notably  important  as  a  relief  measure  after 
the  massacres.  Self-help  is  the  right  arm  of  Anatolia  College,  where  it  is 
well  up  toward  the  point  of  complete  self-support.  Climbing  with  persever¬ 
ance  during  years,  it  sees  but  one  more  rung  of  the  ladder  to  reach  the 
platform  of  self-supporting  independence,  with  opportunity  to  carry  on 
hereafter,  in  continuance,  the  education  of  eighty  to  a  hundred  young  men, 
the  income  of  the  department  equaling  the  expense.  The  benefits,  physical, 
mental,  and  moral,  of  this  common-sense  method  are  incalculable.  The 
leading  institutions  see  more  and  more  clearly  that  they  should  each  have 
such  a  department  carefully  developed  from  humble  beginnings,  not  sud¬ 
denly  launched  forth  with  eclat  under  the  blind  guidance  of  inexperience. 
This  is  one  of  the  foremost  of  the  fine  opportunities  for  the  man  minded  to 
put  a  moderate  fortune  into  the  wise  development  of  such  industrial  plants 
in  connection  with  the  colleges  and  higher  schools  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  and 
become  thereby  one  of  the  nation  makers. 

Another  form  of  self-help  has  long  been  in  vogue  in  boarding  schools  for 
girls.  It  is  the  original  Mt.  Holyoke  plan.  The  pupils  perform  in  the  main 
the  work  which  in  such  schools  is  ordinarily  left  in  the  hands  of  hired  help. 
On  this  plan  self-help  reduces  expense  and  produces  practical  character. 


VI.  THE,  MEDICAL  WORK 

Early  in  the  history  of  these  missions  the  importance  of  medical  work 
was  partly,  though  not  fully,  understood.  The  great  influence  of  physi¬ 
cians  like  Dr.  Azariah  Smith,  Dr.  West,  Dr.  Pratt,  was  observed.  Regular 
medical  departments,  with  hospitals,  are  of  later  growth.  In  view  of  the 
healing  mercy  and  saving  power  exerted  through  them,  it  now  seems  strange 
that  their  development  should  have  been  so  belated.  When,  however,  it  is 
remembered  that  in  missions  almost  everything  in  the  way  of  means  and 
measures  is  experimental,  it  is  not  so  strange  that  among  the  forces  born 
into  life  and  action  the  “noblest  offspring”  should  be  “the  last.” 

The  hospital  at  Aintab  has  had  a  considerable  period  in  which  to  exercise 
its  beneficent  influence,  and  has  not  failed  in  its  ministry  to  the  bodies 
and  souls  of  thousands  and  ten  thousands.  It  is  a  noble  veteran  in  this 
work. 

Out  of  much  tribulation,  the  result  of  hard  work,  the  hospital  at  Cesarea, 
under  the  care  of  Dr.  W.  S.  Dodd,  has  come  forth  as  an  institution  of 
power.  The  unfailing  kindness  experienced  there  by  hundreds  and  thou¬ 
sands  of  poor  sufferers  cannot  act  otherwise  than  like  a  spring  thaw  upon 
the  ice  and  snow  of  prejudice  and  indifference.  The  influence  of  such  an 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


35 


HOSPITAL  AT  AINTAB,  AND  PATIENTS  WAITING. 

institution  once  realized,  it  can  no  more  be  spared  from  a  mission  than  the 
hearthstone  can  be  spared  from  the  household. 

The  same  agency  has  shown  its  potency  in  the  Eastern  Turkey  Mission 
at  Mardin.  The  Anatolia  College  Hospital  at  Marsovan  has  taken  its  place 
alongside  the  others  in  a  specially  favorable  center.  Though  so  young  in 
years,  it  has  reputation  and  influence  in  a  region  of  country  covering  from 
thirty  to  fifty  thousand  square  miles. 

A  very  favorable  fact  in  the  department  of  medical  work  is  that  it  is  so 
largely  self-supporting.  So  long  as  the  cause  of  missions  is  pool  in  money, 


HOSPITAL  AT  TALAS,  CESAREA,  FROM  THE  WEST. 


36 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


as  it  always  is,  effort  will  naturally  be  made  to  accomplish  the  most  possible 
with  the  least  outlay.  In  this  view  the  medical  work,  like  the  self-help, 
makes  a  strong  appeal. 

There  are  excellent  physicians  in  several  stations  in  Asiatic  Turkey  who 
have  not  the  advantage  of  the  hospital  at  hand  for  the  more  efficient  prose¬ 
cution  of  their  work.  It  may  not  be  possible  to  develop  a  hospital  in  every 
station.  It  would  be  an  untold  blessing  if  it  could  be  done. 

VII.  THE,  MASSACRES  AND  ORPHAN  WORK 

The  horrible  events  of  1894—96  are  known  to  the  world.  In  this  sketch 
to  go  into  any  discussion  of  the  causes  of  these  outbreaks  is  out  of  the  ques¬ 
tion.  There  was  secret  organization  of  some  sort  preparatory  to  it  in  the 
various  places  throughout  a  large  part  of  Asia  Minor.  The  manner  in 
which  affairs  were  conducted,  and  the  fact  that  friendly  Turks  in  many  in¬ 
stances  warned  the  Christians  in  advance  of  what  was  to  occur,  prove  this 


THE  OLD  ARMENIAN  CHURCH  OF  OORFA  (WHERE  THE  MASSACRE  OCCURRED). 

beyond  a  doubt.  Who  was  responsible  for  those  plans  we  cannot  know. 
It  should  be  said  in  all  fairness  that  in  many  instances  the  governors  did  not 
know  the  arrangements  for,  or,  knowing,  made  most  earnest  effort  to  pre¬ 
vent  the  massacres,  and  did  in  numerous  cases  prevent  outbreaks.  Also, 
the  better  class  of  the  Moslem  people  deprecated  and  denounced  them,  some¬ 
times  the  imams ,  or  Mohammedan  clergy,  speaking  against  these  doings  in 
unmeasured  terms. 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


ry  h* 

3/ 

The  opening  scenes  of  these  terrible  tragedies  were  in  the  region  of 
Sasoun  near  the  eastern  border  of  the  empire.  It  is  impossible  to  ascertain 
the  numbers  sacrificed  in  that  initial  slaughter ;  they  must  have  been  several 
thousands,  men,  women,  and  children.  There  followed  massacres  at  Trebi- 
zond,  at  Erzroom  ;  then  came  the  horrid  scenes  on  the  Harpoot  plain,  and 
in  the  regions  of  Arabkir,  Malatia,  Egin,  Sivas  ;  and  the  yet  more  whole¬ 
sale  and  revolting  butchery  at  Oorfa,  and  in  many  other  places  to  the  south. 
On  the  plains  on  every  side  rose  the  smoke  of  the  burning  villages,  and  the 
blood  of  the  helpless  was  mingled  with  the  ashes  of  their  habitations.  In 
other  places,  taking  refuge  in  their  sanctuaries,  their  gashed  and  gory  bodies 
defiled  the  place  of  prayer.  The  city  of  Harpoot  was  attacked,  and  together 
with  others  the  American  missionaries  suffered  the  loss  of  most  of  their 
property  ;  but  their  lives  and  the  lives  of  their  students  were  saved  amid 
the  smoke  of  the  burning  buildings  of  Euphrates  College  ;  this  through  the 
influence  of  a  kindly  disposed  Circassian  officer.  The  numbers  of  the 
slaughtered  will  never  be  known  on  earth.  The  number  of  those  who  heroic¬ 
ally  gave  up  their  lives,  consenting  to  be  butchered  like  sheep  rather  than 
deny  their  Lord  and  Master  Jesus  Christ,  is  accurately  recorded  on  high, 
where  they  now  wear  the  martyr’s  crown.  Some  in  the  hour  of  temptation 
yielded  to  fear,  and  consented  to  profess  another  faith,  thinking  it  a  mere 
matter  of  form  from  which  they  could  withdraw  when  the  excitements  were 
past.  They  lived  to  wish  they  had  died  by  the  bullet,  the  ax,  or  the  knife. 

Though  the  number  of  the  slain  is  not  known,  it  could  hardly  be  less 
than  fifty  thousand  ;  nor  is  it  likely  that  it  reached — as  has  been  said  by 
some — a  hundred  thousand  ;  it  is  more  likely  somewhere  between  the  two. 

Can  any  good  come  out  of  such  horrors?  IIow  lamentable  the  condition 
of  eighty  thousand  orphans,  and  one  or  two  score  thousand  helpless  women  ! 
Yet  mercv  has  not  forsaken  the  earth.  By  the  American  missionaries  and 
their  faithful  and  efficient  Swiss  and  German  and  English  coadjutors,  four 
thousand  helpless  orphans  have  been  gathered  up  and  kindly  cared  for. 
They  are  receiving  a  good  common  school  education  ;  and  each  one  is  taught 
some  trade.  Moreover,  some  of  the  brightest  and  most  spiritually  and  in¬ 
tellectually  promising  are  finding  the  door  open  through  the  operation  of 
the  incomparably  superior  system  of  self-help  to  higher  education,  and  the 
opportunity  to  become  teachers  and  spiritual  leaders  among  their  people. 
It  is  not  improbable  that  several  hundred  widely  useful  persons  may  go  forth 
from  the  doors  of  these  humble  orphanages  into  the  field  of  grand  service 
in  the  kingdom  of  Christ.  At  the  same  time  each  one  will,  on  going  out 
into  the  world,  find  himself  or  herself  equipped  for  usefulness  and  success 
in  the  common  affairs  of  life. 

Though  relief  and  orphanage  work  have  been  by  some  looked  upon  as 
aside  from  the  ordinary  duties  of  missionaries,  possibly  as  burdens  and  hin¬ 
drances,  they  are  undoubtedly  good  Samaritan  work,  and  the  missionary 
who  would  neglect  such  human  woe,  passing  by  on  the  other  side  that  he 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


38 

might  give  himself  to  doctrine  and  not  to  deeds,  would  be  classed  with 
Pharisee  and  Levite,  enjoying  neither  the  blessing  of  God  nor  the  love 
of  men. 


VIII.  GENERAL  INFLUENCE 

Statistics  are  apt  to  be  misleading.  A  table  of  the  statistics  of  Chris¬ 
tianity  the  day  before  Christ  rose  from  the  dead,  or  even  thirty  days  after 
that  event,  would  look  meager.  Yet  within  another  moon  the  Hero  of  all 
the  ages  was  manifest  in  the  arena  of  the  world  ;  and  ever  since,  the  eyes 
of  kindreds  and  peoples  and  tribes  to  the  limits  of  civilization,  and  far 
beyond,  have  been  turned  upon  the  all-conquering  Christ.  Before  Pente¬ 
cost  there  was  a  preparation,  and  with  it  came  a  power.  In  the  missions 
in  the  Turkish  Empire  there  has  been  preparation  on  a  large  scale,  and 
the  power  accompanying  has  taken  hold  of  the  souls  of  men.  As  with  a 
lamp,  the  sphere  of  enlightenment  is  immensely  greater  than  the  size  of  the 

flame.  The  gospel  proclaimed 
through  pulpit,  press,  school,  per¬ 
sonal  effort  and  influence,  has 
brought  into  the  whole  wide  realm 
thoughts,  questions,  feelings,  views, 
— life, — ever  reinforced  and  increas¬ 
ing,  and  the  outcome  is  not  doubtful. 
The  plowing  and  sowing  of  seventy 
years  is  in  itself  a  prophecy ;  the 
grain  is  growing,  the  harvest  ap¬ 
proaches.  The  crop  is  not  esti¬ 
mated  by  the  number  of  the  wheat 
heads  already  turned  golden.  The 
gospel,  through  its  multiform  ministrations  of  light,  warmth,  goodness, 
and  grace,  especially  its  transforming  power,  is  destined  to  bring  about 
one  consummation, — Christ  shall  reign.  While  the  moral  forces,  marshaled 
and  holding  the  field,  are  great,  and  their  action  mighty,  their  untabu¬ 
lated  effects  and  evident  trend  are  far  more  significant.  The  whole  country 
occupied  at  strategic  points  by  these  institutions  of  Christian  learning  for 
both  sexes  ;  these  self-supporting  and  self-propagating  Christian  churches, 
planted  like  trees  of  life  on  mountain  and  plain  and  by  the  sea  ;  these  leaves 
of  healing  that  noiselessly  enter  palace  and  hut;  these  multitudinous  per¬ 
sons  growing  up  in  Christian  schools,  and  imbued  with  the  spirit  of  divine 
love,  going  forth  with  kindly  tone  and  sympathetic  heart  among  their  fellow 
beings  in  sorrow — these,  and  all  the  aggregation  of  influences  not  to  be 
estimated  or  tabulated,  working  together  toward  one  end,  render  the  accom¬ 
plishment  of  that  end  certain,  for  they  verify  the  faithfulness  of  the 
promise,  u  Lo,  I  am  with  you  alway.” 


A  FAITHFUL  WORKER  IN  T1IE  INTERIOR. 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


39 


In  any  summation  of  results  one  part  comes  within  the  sphere  of  figures; 
the  other,  far  the  larger,  does  not.  Some  items  are  here  given  as  gathered 
from  the  reports  of  1903.  Figures  tell  of  120  evangelical  churches  estab¬ 
lished,  many  of  them  self-supporting,  and  all  on  the  way  to  that  condition, 
with  a  membership  of  13,000,  and  evangelical  adherents  clustering  about 
them  to  the  number  of  50,000 ;  they  can  show  424  schools,  7  of  them 
colleges,  3  of  them  theological  seminaries,  nearly  20  of  them  schools  of 
a  high  grade,  the  various  schools  having  in  attendance  more  than  20,000 
pupils  ;  can  show  in  these  missions  of  Asia  Minor  contributions  by  the 
native  friends,  for  church  and  educational  purposes,  of  $93,000;  can 
show  hospitals  and  dispensaries  established,  wherein  over  30,000  suffering 
people  are  treated  in  a  year ;  can  show  4,000  orphans  sheltered  and 
instructed  and  prepared  for  comfortable  and  useful  life.  Were  it  possible 
to  separate  and  set  aside  by  themselves  all  the  civilizing  forces,  all  the 
facilities  for  betterment  in  society,  that  have  entered  the  country  through 
this  missionary  agency,  it  would  in  all  probability  surprise  the  commercial 
world.  The  sum  total  of  American  textile  manufactures,  American 
sewing  machines,  plows,  and  other  farming  implements,  cabinet  organs, 
bells,  books,  cabinet-maker’s  tools,  drugs  and  medicines,  and  numberless 
other  commodities,  would  foot  up  to  an  astonishing  figure.  And  this  is 
but  the  beginning.  Already  there  are  movements  of  great  future  signifi¬ 
cance  on  foot,  resulting  from  the  same  influence,  and  likely  to  develop 
into  greater  expansion  of  American  commerce  in  that  country.  Much  of 
this  is  capable  of  being  tabulated. 

The  other  part,  the  all-pervasive  influence  of  this  work,  the  change  in 
ideas  and  ideals,  the  enlightenment  of  the  people  of  all  grades  and  classes, 
the  change  in  the  condition  of  women,  the  betterment  of  the  family,  the 
fading  out  of  superstitious  notions,  the  widespread  longing  for  reform  in 
matters  religious  and  secular,  and  for  advance  in  civilization — all  these  are 
results  of  the  greatest  moment,  which  cannot  be  shown  in  figures,  for  they 
are  greater  than  figures.  The  greatest  thing  of  all  in  this  estimate  of  the 
influence  of  this  work  is  its  hold  upon  the  future.  It  is  like  the  dawn, 
whose  44  rosy  fingers  ”  lay  hold  on  the  whole  coming  day.  Aoonday  is  as 
certain  as  the  dayspring.  And  yet  the  consummation  must  be  realized 
through  patient  continuance  in  the  prosecution  of  the  work. 

RELATION  OF  MISSIONARIES  TO  THE  WORK 

The  relation  of  the  Board  and  its  missionaries  to  all  this  work  is  of  a 
temporary,  not  a  permanent,  character.  The  churches  are  expected  to  be 
not  only  self-supporting  and  self-propagating,  but  self-ruled.  Missionaries 
have  no  authority  in  the  churches,  and  no  influence  except  advisory.  1  his 
is  often  great,  as  the  missionary  is  regarded  somewhat  as  a  father  and  safe 


4° 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


counselor,  but  he  lays  no  hand  of  control  on  a  church  or  community,  how¬ 
ever  intimate  the  relations  may  have  been.  The  missionaries  are  honorary 
members  of  the  evangelical  unions,  but  have  no  vote  in  the  meetings.  They 
have  direct  control  only  in  institutions  belonging  to  the  Board  whose  agents 
they  are.  Colleges,  seminaries,  publishing  and  business  departments,  are 
under  their  management.  Yet  their  spiritual  and  advisory  influence  is  such 
that  it  is  a  question  whether  it  is  not  greater  than  that  of  constituted  bishops. 
It  may  be  doubted  whether  the  power  for  good  of  one  who  is  regarded  as 
a  friend  and  father,  without  authority,  is  not  greater  than  it  would  be  if  he 
held,  under  an  ecclesiastical  system,  the  right  to  rule.  Though  the  magni¬ 
tude  of  the  work  is  ever  on  the  increase,  and  in  some  parts  at  a  rapid  rate, 
the  number  of  missionaries  does  not  increase,  which  means  that  more  and 
more  it  is  passing  into  native  hands. 

4V  hen  at  last  it  shall  be  seen  that  the  native  church  and  the  Christian 
institutions  are  so  far  developed  that  foreign  laborers  and  foreign  funds  are 
no  longer  necessary  it  will  be  a  glad  day,  and  they  that  have  sown  and  they 
that  reap  will  rejoice  together. 

BEGINNING  OF  MISSIONS 

the  missions  to  Asia  Minor  may  be  considered  as  having  their  beginning  with  the 
arrival  of  Messrs.  Pliny  Fisk  and  Levi  Parsons  at  Smyrna,  January  15,  1820. 

Exploration  of  Asiatic  Turkey  and  a  part  of  Persia,  with  special  reference  to  the 
Armenians  and  the  Nestorians,  in  1S31-32  by  Rev.  H.  G.  O.  Dwight  and  Rev.  Eli  Smith. 

I  he  Assyrian  Mission  is  first  mentioned  as  a  separate  mission  in  18^2. 

the  Eastern  Turkey  Mission  recognized  as  a  separate  mission  in  i860,  constituted 
out  of  the  Assyrian  Mission,  and  that  part  of  the  North  Armenian  Mission  lving  east 
of  longitude  38  east  from  Greenwich. 

The  Central  Turkey  Mission,  formerly  known  as  the  South  Armenian  Mission,  had 
its  beginnings  in  Dr.  Azariah  Smith’s  work  at  Aintab.  Regarded  as  separate  mis¬ 
sion  in  1S47. 

The  European  Turkey  Mission — separated  1871 — held  its  first  annual  meeting  June 
30th  of  that  year. 

DATES  OF  EVENTS  AND  MATTERS  OF  IMPORTANCE 

Scriptures  published  : — 

In  Hebrew-Spanish,  by  Dr.  \V.  G.  Schauffier,  in  1842. 

In  Graeco-Turkish  at  Smyrna,  1836. 

In  Armenian,  by  Dr.  Elias  Riggs,  18:52. 

In  Bulgarian,  by  Dr.  Elias  Riggs,  1871. 

Bible  House  at  Constantinople  built  through  efforts  of  Rev.  I.  G.  Bliss,  D.D.,  in 
1871-72. 

first  school  for  girls  started  by  Rev.  William  Goodell  in  1S32. 

Charter  establishing  Protestant  Community  November,  18^0  (though  community 
had  been  recognized  November,  1847). 

Haiti  Sheri f  conferring  religious  liberty  on  all  without  distinction,  obtained 
through  the  influence  of  Lord  Stratford  de  Redcliffe  in  1S56. 

First  Evangelical  Newspaper  (uncertain). 

First  Pictorial  Child’s  Paper,  1870,  Constantinople. 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


41 


PRINCIPAL  STATIONS — WHEN  OCCUPIED 

Aintab,  by  Dr.  Azariah  Smith,  1847. 

Brousa,  by  Benjamin  Schneider,  July  15,  1834. 

Bitlis,  by  Rev.  George  C.  Knapp,  June,  1858. 

Cesarea,  Cappadocia,  by  Rev.  W.  A.  Farnsworth,  June,  1854. 

Constantinople,  by  William  Goodell,  June  9,  1831.  lie  soon  had  associates,  II.  G. 
O.  Dwight,  Cyrus  Hamlin,  W.  G.  Schauffler,  Elias  Riggs  and  others. 

Diarbekir,  by  G.  W.  Dunmore,  1851.  Walker  and  Marsh  joined  later. 

Erzroom  became  a  station  June,  1838,  occupied  by  Thomas  P.  Johnston. 

Harpoot,  occupied  by  G.  W.  Dunmore,  1857.  Later  manned  by  Messrs.  Wheeler, 
Allen  and  Barnum. 

Hadjin,  Mrs.  Josephine  Coding  settled  there  in  1885. 

Mardin,  occupied  by  W.  F.  Williams,  1858. 

Marsovan,  occupied  by  Joseph  W.  Sutphen  and  E.  E.  Bliss,  1852. 

Nicomedia  (Bardezag),  by  Justin  W.  Parsons,  1856. 

Marash,  by  Albert  G.  Beebee  and  George  A.  Perkins,  1854. 

Sivas,  occupied  by  Benjamin  Parsons  and  Edwin  Goodell,  1851. 

Smyrna,  occupied  by  Levi  Parsons  and  Pliny  Fisk,  January  9,  1S20. 

Van,  occupied  by  Dr.  George  C.  Raynolds,  Henry  S.  Barnum  and  Joseph  E.  Scott, 
1872. 

Trebizond,  occupied  by  Thomas  P.  Johnston,  November  15,  1S34. 

Bithynia  Evangelical  Union,  founded  1865. 

Harpoot  Evangelical  Union,  founded  1865. 

Cilicia  Evangelical  Union,  founded  (record  not  found). 

Central  Evangelical  Union,  founded  1869. 


DEPUTATIONS  TO  THE  TURKISH  MISSIONS 

1855,  Dr.  Rufus  Anderson  and  Dr.  A.  C.  Thompson. 

1883,  Drs.  N.  G.  Clark,  E.  K.  Alden,  Mr.  Elbridge  Torrey,  together  with  President 
Chapin  of  Beloit  College  and  Prof.  C.  M.  Mead  of  Andover  Seminary.  They  attended 
Conference  at  Constantinople. 

In  1S88  Dr.  Judson  Smith  visited  Constantinople  and  Marsovan. 

OTHER  IMPORTANT  EVENTS 

Robert  College,  at  Constantinople,  established  1859. 

Central  Turkey  College,  at  Aintab,  established  1874. 

Euphrates  College,  at  Harpoot,  established  1876. 

Anatolia  College,  at  Marsovan,  established  1S86. 

American  College  for  Girls,  at  Scutari,  near  Constantinople,  at  first  “  Home 
School,”  became  a  college  in  1890. 

Marash  Girls’  College,  1886. 

St.  Paul’s  Institute,  1889. 

International  College,  at  Smyrna,  established  as  a  college  1902. 

F'amine  in  Asia  Minor,  involving  large  operations  in  relief  work  occurred  in 
1874-76. 

Massacre  of  Armenians,  1894-96,  in  a  great  number  of  places. 


MISSIONS  IN  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


43 


Books  that  may  be  consulted  by  those  desiring  information  in  regard  to 
Turkey  and  the  missions  therein  established  : 

Hamilton’s  Asia  Minor. 

Ramsay’s  Impressions  of  Turkey. 

Professor  Von  Millingen’s  Constantinople. 

Dr.  Harrison  G.  O.  Dwight’s  Christianity  Revived  in  the  East. 

*  Dr.  H.  O.  Dwight’s  Constantinople. 

Dr.  Cyrus  Hamlin’s  Among  the  Turks. 

Dr.  Cyrus  Hamlin’s  My  Life  and  Times. 

Dr.  H.  O.  Dwight’s  Turkish  Life  in  War  Times. 

Anderson’s  Missions  of  the  American  Board  Oiiental  Chinches. 

Wheeler’s  Ten  Years  on  the  Euphrates. 

Goodell’s  Forty  Years  in  the  Turkish  Empire. 

Miss  West’s  Romance  of  Missions. 

The  files  of  the  Missionary  Herald. 

Cyclopedia  of  Missions.  E.  M.  Bliss,  D.D. 

Sayce’s  Works  and  others  on  Archaeology. 

Murray’s  Handbook  for  Asia  Minor. 

Modern  Missions  in  the  East.  E.  A.  Lawrence,  D.D. 


*  Son  of  Dr.  H.  G.  O.  Dwight. 


woman’s  WARD,  ANATOLIA  COLLEGE  HOSPITAL.  DR.  CARRINGTON  AND 

TRAINING  CLASS. 


RECORDS  or  MISSIONARIES 


The  following  is  a  brief  record  of  those  missionaries  who  (with 
two  or  three  exceptions)  have  labored  twenty  years,  or  have  died 
in  the  service.  The  list  contains  only  the  names  of  those  con¬ 
nected  with  the  Western,  Central,  and  Eastern  Turkey  Missions. 


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